Anaerobic Antimicrobial Therapy After Necrotizing Enterocolitis in VLBW Infants

To evaluate the effect of anaerobic antimicrobial therapy for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) on clinical outcomes in very low birth weight (≤1500 g) infants

Utilization of data below the analytical limit of quantitation in pharmacokinetic analysis and modeling: promoting interdisciplinary debate

Traditionally, bioanalytical laboratories do not report actual concentrations for samples with results below the LOQ (BLQ) in pharmacokinetic studies. BLQ values are outside the method calibration range established during validation and no data are available to support the reliability of these values. However, ignoring BLQ data can contribute to bias and imprecision in model-based pharmacokinetic analyses. From this perspective, routine use of BLQ data would be advantageous. We would like to initiate an interdisciplinary debate on this important topic by summarizing the current concepts and use of BLQ data by regulators, pharmacometricians and bioanalysts. Through introducing the limit of detection and evaluating its variability, BLQ data could be released and utilized appropriately for pharmacokinetic research

Use of Opportunistic Clinical Data and a Population Pharmacokinetic Model to Support Dosing of Clindamycin for Premature Infants to Adolescents

Clindamycin is commonly prescribed to treat children with skin and skin structure infections (including those caused by community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus [CA-MRSA]), yet little is known about the pharmacokinetics (PK) across pediatric age groups. A population PK analysis was performed in NONMEM using samples collected in an opportunistic study from children receiving intravenous clindamycin per standard of care. The final model was used to optimize pediatric dosing to match adult exposure proven effective against CA-MRSA. A total of 194 plasma PK samples collected from 125 children were included in the analysis. Median age (range) was 3.3 years (0–20). Median dosing was 9.9 mg/kg/dose (3.8–15.1). A 1-compartment model described the data well. The final model included body weight and a sigmoidal maturation relationship between postmenstrual age (PMA) and clearance (CL): CL (L/h)=13.7*(weight/70)0.75*(PMA3.1/(43.63.1+PMA3.1)); V (L)=61.8*(weight/70). Maturation reached 50% adult CL values at ~44 weeks PMA. Our findings support age-based dosing

Influencia de la presión de agua y el porcentaje de sólidos en la recuperación de oro mediante concentración gravimétrica centrífuga para un relave tipo óxido procedente de la Provincia de Sánchez Carrión

En esta investigación experimental se estudió un relave de mineral aurífero tipo óxido procedente de la Provincia de Sánchez Carrión, cuya composición química analizada fue de 1.35 g/TM de Au. Estos relaves se encuentran como pasivos ambientales, por lo cual se planteó hacer un tratamiento de gravimetría mediante concentración centrífuga, evaluando la presión de agua a 5, 7 y 9 psi, y el porcentaje de sólidos a 30, 35 y 40%, para luego hacer los balances metalúrgicos para determinar la recuperación y ley de oro en el concentrado. De los resultados obtenidos se determina que a medida que disminuye el porcentaje de sólidos se incrementa la recuperación y ley de oro, en cuanto a la presión de agua se genera una curva convexa obteniéndose la mas alta recuperación de oro de 36.96% con ley de 18,97 g/TM de oro, a 7 psi de presión de agua y 30 % de sólidos. La mas baja recuperación fue de 13.47% de oro a 9 psi y 40% de sólidos. La concentración gravimétrica centrífuga variando la presión de agua y el porcentaje de sólidos influyen en la recuperación de oro para un relave de mineral tipo óxido, obteniendo una ley de oro que permitirá su comercialización y luego hacer una depósito adecuado de dichos relaves. A un 95% de significancia la presión de agua y el porcentaje de sólidos influyen significativamente en la recuperación de oro mas no la interacción que no es significativo, mediante la operación de concentración gravimétrica centrífuga.TesisIn this experimental research was studied a rust - type ore from the Province of Sánchez Carrión, whose chemical composition analyzed was 1.35 g / MT Au. These tailings are found to be environmental passives, for which it was proposed to make gravimetric treatment by centrifugal concentration, evaluating the water pressure at 5, 7 and 9 psi, and the percentage of solids at 30, 35 and 40%, then Make the Metallurgical balances to determine the recovery and gold law in the concentrate. From the results obtained it is determined that the solids percentage decreases the recovery and gold law increase, as for the water pressure, the convex curve is generated, obtaining the highest gold recovery of 36.96% with a law of 18, 97 g / MT Gold, at 7 psi water pressure and 30% solids. The lowest recovery was 13.47% gold at 9 psi and 40% solids. The centrifugal gravimetric concentration varying the water pressure and the percentage of solids influence the recovery of gold for a rust-type ore, obtaining a gold law that will allow its commercialization and then make an adequate deposit of said tailings. At 95% significance, the water pressure and the solids percentage significantly influence the gold recovery, but not the interaction, which is not significant, by means of the centrifugal gravimetric concentration

Effect of fluconazole prophylaxis on Candida fluconazole susceptibility in premature infants

Extremely premature infants are at high risk of developing invasive candidiasis; fluconazole prophylaxis is safe and effective for reducing invasive candidiasis in this population but further study is needed. We sought to better understand the effect of prophylactic fluconazole on a selection of fluconazole-resistant Candida species. We evaluated the susceptibility to fluconazole of Candida isolates from premature infants (<750 g birth weight) enrolled in a multicentre, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of fluconazole prophylaxis. Candida species were isolated through surveillance cultures at baseline (study day 0-7), period 1 (study day 8-28) and period 2 (study day 29-49). Fluconazole MICs were determined for all Candida isolates. Three hundred and sixty-one infants received fluconazole (n = 188) or placebo (n = 173). After the baseline period, Candida colonization was significantly lower in the fluconazole group compared with placebo during periods 1 (5% versus 27%; P < 0.001) and 2 (3% versus 27%; P < 0.001). After the baseline period, two infants (1%) were colonized with at least one fluconazole-resistant Candida in each group. Median fluconazole MIC was similar in both treatment groups at baseline and period 1. However, in period 2, median MIC was higher in the fluconazole group compared with placebo (1.00 versus 0.50 mg/L, P = 0.01). There was no emergence of resistance observed and no patients developed invasive candidiasis with a resistant Candida isolate. Fluconazole prophylaxis decreased Candida albicans and 'non-albicans' Candida colonization and was associated with a slightly higher fluconazole MIC for colonizing Candida isolates